Python字节码与CodeType对象深入解析<\/h1>

题目背景与概述<\/h2>
这道Google CTF 2025的pwn题目"Internship"展示了一个有趣的Python字节码操作场景。题目描述了一位实习生遇到的奇怪现象：Python shell在要求返回2时返回1，要求返回9时返回6，要求返回20时返回4。这提示我们Python解释器的内部整数处理机制被修改了。<\/p>

核心知识点解析<\/h2>

CodeType对象<\/h3>
CodeType是Python中表示字节码对象的类型，属于types模块的一部分。它封装了Python函数或模块编译后的底层字节码信息，是动态创建和执行代码的关键工具。<\/p>
CodeType对象包含以下重要属性：<\/p>
co_code<\/code>: 包含实际字节码的字节串<\/li>
co_names<\/code>: 全局变量名称元组<\/li>
co_consts<\/code>: 代码中使用的常量元组<\/li>
co_varnames<\/code>: 局部变量名称元组<\/li>
co_argcount<\/code>: 参数数量<\/li>
<\/ul>
题目中的字节码限制<\/h3>
题目通过以下方式限制代码执行：<\/p>

将co_consts<\/code>赋值为(None,)<\/code>，限制只能使用None常量<\/li>
通过co_names<\/code>控制可用的全局变量和函数<\/li>
使用swap<\/code>函数打乱整数内存表示，导致数字行为异常<\/li>
<\/ol>
字节码执行流程<\/h3>

读取输入字符串并编译为代码对象<\/li>
动态创建CodeType对象，应用限制<\/li>
将字节码包装为可调用函数<\/li>
执行函数前打乱内存中的整数表示<\/li>
执行用户提供的代码<\/li>
<\/ol>
漏洞利用技术<\/h2>
绕过常量限制<\/h3>
由于只能使用None常量，我们需要通过以下方式构造其他值：<\/p>


利用None的属性方法：<\/p>

None.__class__<\/code>: 获取NoneType类<\/li>
None.__doc__<\/code>: 获取文档字符串<\/li>
None.__str__()<\/code>: 转换为字符串<\/li>
<\/ul>
<\/li>

使用迭代器方法构造字符：<\/p>
# 获取字符'f'<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>p=<\/span>None<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>f=<\/span>p.<\/span>__class__.<\/span>__doc__.<\/span>__iter__().<\/span>__next__().<\/span>__next__().<\/span>__next__().<\/span>__next__().<\/span>__next__().<\/span>__next__().<\/span>__next__()
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
构造完整payload<\/h3>
通过组合多个字符构造open('flag').read()<\/code>：<\/p>
p=<\/span>None<\/span>
<\/span><\/span># 构造'open'<\/span>
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