Spring Boot 详解与项目建立教学文档<\/h1>

一、Spring Boot 概述<\/h2>

1.1 Spring 框架简介<\/h3>

Spring 是一个轻量级的 Java 开发框架，旨在解决企业级应用开发的复杂性，通过以下四种关键策略简化开发：<\/p>

基于 POJO 的轻量级和最小侵入性编程<\/li>
通过 IOC 容器、依赖注入(DI)和面向接口实现松耦合<\/li>
基于切面(AOP)和惯例进行声明式编程<\/li>

通过切面和模板减少样板代码<\/li> <\/ul>

1.2 Spring Boot 定位<\/h3>
Spring Boot 并不是用来替代 Spring 的解决方案，而是与 Spring 框架紧密结合用于提升开发者体验的工具。它以"约定大于配置"为核心思想，默认进行大量设置，多数应用只需要很少的 Spring 配置。<\/p>

1.3 Spring Boot 主要优点<\/h3>

为所有 Spring 开发者提供更快的入门体验<\/li>
开箱即用，提供各种默认配置简化项目配置<\/li>
内嵌式容器简化 Web 项目<\/li>
无冗余代码生成和 XML 配置要求<\/li>

集成大量常用第三方库配置（Redis、MongoDB、Jpa 等）<\/li> <\/ul>

二、环境准备<\/h2>

2.1 开发环境要求<\/h3>

JDK 1.8 或更高版本（推荐 JDK 21）<\/li>
Maven 3.6.1 或更高版本<\/li>
Spring Boot 最新版<\/li>

IDEA 最新版本<\/li> <\/ul>

2.2 项目建立注意事项<\/h3>

建立项目时确保在 Application 类同级目录下<\/li>
如未自动导入依赖，需在 pom.xml 中手动写入<\/li>

Maven 使用 pom.xml 管理依赖，Gradle 使用 build.gradle<\/li> <\/ul>

三、项目结构与核心原理<\/h2>

3.1 目录结构分析<\/h3>

src\/
├── main\/
│   ├── java\/          # 源代码目录
│   ├── resources\/     # 资源文件目录
│   │   ├── static\/    # 静态资源
│   │   ├── templates\/ # 模板文件
│   │   └── application.properties\/yml # 配置文件
│   └── webapp\/        # Web 应用目录
<\/code><\/pre>
3.2 自动配置原理<\/h3>
3.2.1 依赖管理<\/h4>
Spring Boot 通过 spring-boot-dependencies 父工程管理版本依赖，引入 Spring Boot 依赖时无需指定版本。<\/p>
<parent><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <groupId><\/span>org.springframework.boot<\/groupId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <artifactId><\/span>spring-boot-starter-parent<\/artifactId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <version><\/span>3.5.7<\/version><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/parent><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>3.2.2 启动器(Starters)<\/h4>
启动器是 Spring Boot 的核心概念，每个启动器对应一个功能场景：<\/p>
<dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <groupId><\/span>org.springframework.boot<\/groupId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <artifactId><\/span>spring-boot-starter-web<\/artifactId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>常用启动器：<\/p>

spring-boot-starter-web：Web 应用开发<\/li>
spring-boot-starter-test：测试支持<\/li>
spring-boot-starter-data-jpa：JPA 数据访问<\/li>
spring-boot-starter-security：安全支持<\/li>
<\/ul>
3.2.3 自动配置流程<\/h4>

Spring Boot 启动时从 \/META-INF\/spring.factories<\/code> 获取自动配置类<\/li>
通过 @ConditionalOnXXX<\/code> 条件注解判断配置是否生效<\/li>
导入对应的 starter 后，自动装配生效<\/li>
所有自动配置在 spring-boot-autoconfigure<\/code> jar 包中实现<\/li>
<\/ol>
3.3 主程序分析<\/h3>
@SpringBootApplication<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>public<\/span> class<\/span> DemoApplication<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    public<\/span> static<\/span> void<\/span> main<\/span>(<\/span>String[]<\/span> args)<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        SpringApplication.<\/span>run<\/span>(<\/span>DemoApplication.<\/span>class<\/span>,<\/span> args);<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    }<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>}<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>3.3.1 @SpringBootApplication 注解<\/h4>
该注解包含三个核心注解：<\/p>

@SpringBootConfiguration<\/code>：标识为配置类<\/li>
@EnableAutoConfiguration<\/code>：启用自动配置<\/li>
@ComponentScan<\/code>：组件扫描<\/li>
<\/ul>
3.3.2 SpringApplication 启动流程<\/h4>

推断应用类型（普通项目或 Web 项目）<\/li>
查找并加载所有可用初始化器<\/li>
找出所有应用程序监听器<\/li>
推断并设置 main 方法定义类<\/li>
运行 Spring 应用<\/li>
<\/ol>
四、配置管理<\/h2>
4.1 配置文件类型<\/h3>
4.1.1 application.properties<\/h4>
server.port=8081
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql:\/\/localhost:3306\/test
<\/code><\/pre>
4.1.2 application.yaml<\/h4>
server<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  port<\/span>: 8081<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>spring<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  datasource<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>    url<\/span>: jdbc:mysql:\/\/localhost:3306\/test<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>注意<\/strong>：YAML 语法要求 key 后必须有空格<\/p>
4.2 配置文件优先级<\/h3>

file:.\/config\/（项目根目录下的 config 文件夹）<\/li>
file:.\/（项目根目录）<\/li>
classpath:\/config\/（类路径下的 config 文件夹）<\/li>
classpath:\/（类路径根目录）<\/li>
<\/ol>
4.3 多环境配置<\/h3>
4.3.1 Properties 方式<\/h4>
application.properties<\/strong>：<\/p>
spring.profiles.active=dev
<\/code><\/pre>
application-dev.properties<\/strong>：<\/p>
server.port=8082
<\/code><\/pre>
4.3.2 YAML 方式<\/h4>
server<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  port<\/span>: 8081<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>---
<\/span><\/span>server<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  port<\/span>: 8082<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>spring<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  profiles<\/span>: dev<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>---
<\/span><\/span>server<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  port<\/span>: 8083<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>spring<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  profiles<\/span>: test<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>spring<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  profiles<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>    active<\/span>: dev<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>4.4 配置属性绑定<\/h3>
4.4.1 @ConfigurationProperties<\/h4>
@Component<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>@ConfigurationProperties<\/span>(<\/span>prefix =<\/span> "person"<\/span>)<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>public<\/span> class<\/span> Person<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    private<\/span> String name;<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    private<\/span> int<\/span> age;<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    \/\/ getter\/setter 方法
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>}<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>对应配置：<\/p>
person<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  name<\/span>: 张三<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>  age<\/span>: 20<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>4.4.2 @Value 注解<\/h4>
@Component<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>public<\/span> class<\/span> MyComponent<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    @Value<\/span>(<\/span>"${server.port}"<\/span>)<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    private<\/span> String port;<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>}<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>4.4.3 JSR303 校验<\/h4>
@ConfigurationProperties<\/span>(<\/span>prefix =<\/span> "person"<\/span>)<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>@Validated<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>public<\/span> class<\/span> Person<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    @NotNull<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    private<\/span> String name;<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    
<\/span><\/span>    @Min<\/span>(<\/span>0<\/span>)<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    @Max<\/span>(<\/span>150<\/span>)<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    private<\/span> int<\/span> age;<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>}<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>4.4.4 松散绑定<\/h4>
YAML 中的 last-name<\/code> 与 Java 中的 lastName<\/code> 自动映射。<\/p>
五、Web 开发<\/h2>
5.1 静态资源处理<\/h3>
5.1.1 静态资源目录优先级<\/h4>

classpath:\/META-INF\/resources\/<\/li>
classpath:\/resources\/<\/li>
classpath:\/static\/（默认）<\/li>
classpath:\/public\/<\/li>
<\/ol>
5.1.2 WebJars 支持<\/h4>
通过 Maven 导入 WebJars：<\/p>
<dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <groupId><\/span>org.webjars<\/groupId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <artifactId><\/span>jquery<\/artifactId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <version><\/span>3.6.0<\/version><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>访问路径：\/webjars\/jquery\/3.6.0\/jquery.js<\/code><\/p>
5.2 首页定制<\/h3>
在静态资源目录下创建 index.html<\/code> 文件，访问根路径时自动显示。<\/p>
5.3 模板引擎（Thymeleaf）<\/h3>
5.3.1 引入依赖<\/h4>
<dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <groupId><\/span>org.springframework.boot<\/groupId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <artifactId><\/span>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf<\/artifactId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>5.3.2 模板文件位置<\/h4>
classpath:\/templates\/<\/code> 目录下，需要通过 Controller 跳转。<\/p>
5.4 Controller 注解<\/h3>
5.4.1 控制层注解<\/h4>
@RestController<\/span> \/\/ = @Controller + @ResponseBody
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>@RequestMapping<\/span>(<\/span>"\/user"<\/span>)<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>public<\/span> class<\/span> UserController<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    
<\/span><\/span>    @GetMapping<\/span>(<\/span>"\/list"<\/span>)<\/span> \/\/ GET 请求
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>    public<\/span> List<<\/span>User><\/span> list<\/span>()<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        return<\/span> userService.<\/span>findAll<\/span>();<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    }<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    
<\/span><\/span>    @PostMapping<\/span>(<\/span>"\/add"<\/span>)<\/span> \/\/ POST 请求
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>    public<\/span> ResponseEntity addUser<\/span>(<\/span>@RequestBody<\/span> User user)<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        userService.<\/span>save<\/span>(<\/span>user);<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        return<\/span> ResponseEntity.<\/span>ok<\/span>().<\/span>build<\/span>();<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    }<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    
<\/span><\/span>    @PutMapping<\/span>(<\/span>"\/update"<\/span>)<\/span> \/\/ PUT 请求
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>    public<\/span> ResponseEntity updateUser<\/span>(<\/span>@RequestBody<\/span> User user)<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        userService.<\/span>update<\/span>(<\/span>user);<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        return<\/span> ResponseEntity.<\/span>ok<\/span>().<\/span>build<\/span>();<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    }<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    
<\/span><\/span>    @DeleteMapping<\/span>(<\/span>"\/delete\/{id}"<\/span>)<\/span> \/\/ DELETE 请求
<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>    public<\/span> ResponseEntity deleteUser<\/span>(<\/span>@PathVariable<\/span> Long id)<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        userService.<\/span>delete<\/span>(<\/span>id);<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        return<\/span> ResponseEntity.<\/span>ok<\/span>().<\/span>build<\/span>();<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    }<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>}<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>5.4.2 Bean 管理注解<\/h4>

@Component<\/code>：通用组件<\/li>
@Service<\/code>：业务层<\/li>
@Repository<\/code>：数据层<\/li>
@Controller<\/code>：控制层<\/li>
<\/ul>
5.4.3 依赖注入注解<\/h4>

@Autowired<\/code>：自动注入<\/li>
@Resource<\/code>：JSR-250 注入<\/li>
@Value("${property}")<\/code>：获取配置值<\/li>
<\/ul>
5.5 配置类注解<\/h3>
@Configuration<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>public<\/span> class<\/span> AppConfig<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    
<\/span><\/span>    @Bean<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    public<\/span> MyService myService<\/span>()<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        return<\/span> new<\/span> MyServiceImpl();<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    }<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    
<\/span><\/span>    @ConfigurationProperties<\/span>(<\/span>prefix =<\/span> "myconfig"<\/span>)<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    public<\/span> MyConfig myConfig<\/span>()<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        return<\/span> new<\/span> MyConfig();<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    }<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>}<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>六、数据访问<\/h2>
6.1 JDBC 整合<\/h3>
spring<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  datasource<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>    driver-class-name<\/span>: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    url<\/span>: jdbc:mysql:\/\/localhost:3306\/test<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    username<\/span>: root<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    password<\/span>: 123456<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>6.2 Druid 数据源配置<\/h3>
6.2.1 引入依赖<\/h4>
<dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <groupId><\/span>com.alibaba<\/groupId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <artifactId><\/span>druid-spring-boot-starter<\/artifactId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <version><\/span>1.2.8<\/version><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>6.2.2 配置类<\/h4>
@Configuration<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>public<\/span> class<\/span> DruidConfig<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    
<\/span><\/span>    @ConfigurationProperties<\/span>(<\/span>prefix =<\/span> "spring.datasource"<\/span>)<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    @Bean<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    public<\/span> DataSource druidDataSource<\/span>()<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        return<\/span> new<\/span> DruidDataSource();<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    }<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>}<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>6.3 MyBatis 整合<\/h3>
6.3.1 引入依赖<\/h4>
<dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <groupId><\/span>org.mybatis.spring.boot<\/groupId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <artifactId><\/span>mybatis-spring-boot-starter<\/artifactId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <version><\/span>2.2.0<\/version><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>6.3.2 配置<\/h4>
mybatis<\/span>:
<\/span><\/span>  mapper-locations<\/span>: classpath:mapper\/*.xml<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>  type-aliases-package<\/span>: com.example.entity<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>七、开发实践<\/h2>
7.1 热部署配置<\/h3>
在 pom.xml 中添加：<\/p>
<dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <groupId><\/span>org.springframework.boot<\/groupId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <artifactId><\/span>spring-boot-devtools<\/artifactId><\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    <optional><\/span>true<\/optional><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/dependency><\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>7.2 调试自动配置<\/h3>
在 application.properties 中开启调试：<\/p>
debug=true
<\/code><\/pre>
7.3 自定义 Banner<\/h3>
在 resources 目录下创建 banner.txt 文件自定义启动 Banner。<\/p>
7.4 异常处理<\/h3>
Spring Boot 提供默认错误页面，也可自定义：<\/p>
@ControllerAdvice<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>public<\/span> class<\/span> GlobalExceptionHandler<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    
<\/span><\/span>    @ExceptionHandler<\/span>(<\/span>Exception.<\/span>class<\/span>)<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    public<\/span> ResponseEntity handleException<\/span>(<\/span>Exception e)<\/span> {<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>        return<\/span> ResponseEntity.<\/span>status<\/span>(<\/span>500<\/span>).<\/span>body<\/span>(<\/span>"服务器内部错误"<\/span>);<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>    }<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>}<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>八、项目部署<\/h2>
8.1 打包部署<\/h3>
mvn clean package
<\/span><\/span>java -jar target\/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>8.2 外部化配置<\/h3>
可通过命令行参数、环境变量等方式覆盖配置：<\/p>
java -jar app.jar --server.port=<\/span>8085<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>九、最佳实践<\/h2>

遵循约定大于配置<\/strong>：尽量使用默认配置<\/li>
合理使用 Profile<\/strong>：区分开发、测试、生产环境<\/li>
使用 Starter 依赖<\/strong>：简化依赖管理<\/li>
配置外部化<\/strong>：敏感信息通过环境变量配置<\/li>
监控和健康检查<\/strong>：集成 Spring Boot Actuator<\/li>
<\/ol>
通过以上内容的学习和实践，可以快速掌握 Spring Boot 的核心概念和开发技巧，提高 Java Web 应用的开发效率。<\/p>

Spring Boot 详解与项目建立教学文档<\/h1>

一、Spring Boot 概述<\/h2>

1.2 Spring Boot 定位<\/h3>
Spring Boot 并不是用来替代 Spring 的解决方案，而是与 Spring 框架紧密结合用于提升开发者体验的工具。它以"约定大于配置"为核心思想，默认进行大量设置，多数应用只需要很少的 Spring 配置。<\/p>

二、环境准备<\/h2>

三、项目结构与核心原理<\/h2>

3.2 自动配置原理<\/h3>

四、配置管理<\/h2>

4.1 配置文件类型<\/h3>

4.3 多环境配置<\/h3>

4.4 配置属性绑定<\/h3>

4.4.4 松散绑定<\/h4>
YAML 中的 `last-name<\/code> 与 Java 中的 lastName<\/code> 自动映射。<\/p>`

5.1 静态资源处理<\/h3>

5.3.2 模板文件位置<\/h4>
`classpath:\/templates\/<\/code> 目录下，需要通过 Controller 跳转。<\/p>`

六、数据访问<\/h2>

6.2 Druid 数据源配置<\/h3>

6.3 MyBatis 整合<\/h3>

七、开发实践<\/h2>

7.3 自定义 Banner<\/h3>
在 resources 目录下创建 banner.txt 文件自定义启动 Banner。<\/p>

八、项目部署<\/h2>

Spring Boot 详解与项目建立教学文档<\/h1>

一、Spring Boot 概述<\/h2>

1.2 Spring Boot 定位<\/h3> Spring Boot 并不是用来替代 Spring 的解决方案，而是与 Spring 框架紧密结合用于提升开发者体验的工具。它以"约定大于配置"为核心思想，默认进行大量设置，多数应用只需要很少的 Spring 配置。<\/p>

二、环境准备<\/h2>

三、项目结构与核心原理<\/h2>

3.2 自动配置原理<\/h3>

四、配置管理<\/h2>

4.1 配置文件类型<\/h3>

4.3 多环境配置<\/h3>

4.4 配置属性绑定<\/h3>

4.4.4 松散绑定<\/h4> YAML 中的 last-name<\/code> 与 Java 中的 lastName<\/code> 自动映射。<\/p>

5.1 静态资源处理<\/h3>

5.3.2 模板文件位置<\/h4> classpath:\/templates\/<\/code> 目录下，需要通过 Controller 跳转。<\/p>

六、数据访问<\/h2>

6.2 Druid 数据源配置<\/h3>

6.3 MyBatis 整合<\/h3>

七、开发实践<\/h2>

7.3 自定义 Banner<\/h3> 在 resources 目录下创建 banner.txt 文件自定义启动 Banner。<\/p>

八、项目部署<\/h2>

1.2 Spring Boot 定位<\/h3>
Spring Boot 并不是用来替代 Spring 的解决方案，而是与 Spring 框架紧密结合用于提升开发者体验的工具。它以"约定大于配置"为核心思想，默认进行大量设置，多数应用只需要很少的 Spring 配置。<\/p>

4.4.4 松散绑定<\/h4>
YAML 中的 `last-name<\/code> 与 Java 中的 lastName<\/code> 自动映射。<\/p>`

5.3.2 模板文件位置<\/h4>
`classpath:\/templates\/<\/code> 目录下，需要通过 Controller 跳转。<\/p>`

7.3 自定义 Banner<\/h3>
在 resources 目录下创建 banner.txt 文件自定义启动 Banner。<\/p>