Linux操作系统常用命令详解<\/h1>

一、Linux系统目录结构<\/h2>
Linux系统采用树形目录结构，以下是主要目录及其功能：<\/p>
bin -> usr\/bin<\/code>：存放二进制命令<\/li>
boot<\/code>：内核及引导系统程序目录<\/li>
dev<\/code>：所有设备文件目录（如磁盘、光驱等）<\/li>
etc<\/code>：配置文件默认路径、服务启动命令存放目录<\/li>
home<\/code>：用户家目录，root用户为\/root<\/code><\/li>
lib -> usr\/lib<\/code>：32位库文件存放目录<\/li>
lib64 -> usr\/lib64<\/code>：64位库文件存放目录<\/li>
media<\/code>：媒体文件存放目录<\/li>
mnt<\/code>：临时挂载设备目录<\/li>
opt<\/code>：自定义软件安装存放目录<\/li>
proc<\/code>：进程及内核信息存放目录<\/li>
root<\/code>：Root用户家目录<\/li>
run<\/code>：系统运行时产生临时文件存放目录<\/li>
sbin -> usr\/sbin<\/code>：系统管理命令存放目录<\/li>
srv<\/code>：服务启动后需要访问的数据目录<\/li>
sys<\/code>：系统使用目录<\/li>
tmp<\/code>：临时文件目录<\/li>
usr<\/code>：系统命令和帮助文件目录<\/li>
var<\/code>：存放内容易变的文件的目录<\/li>
<\/ul>
二、目录操作命令<\/h2>
基本目录操作<\/h3>


查看当前目录<\/strong>：<\/p>
pwd
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

清除屏幕<\/strong>：<\/p>
clear
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

切换目录<\/strong>：<\/p>
cd ~      # 当前用户目录<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>cd \/      # 根目录<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>cd -      # 上一次访问的目录<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>cd ..     # 上一级目录<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

查看目录内容<\/strong>：<\/p>
ll        # 查看当前目录下内容<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
目录创建与搜索<\/h3>


创建目录<\/strong>：<\/p>
mkdir aaa             # 当前目录下创建aaa目录（相对路径）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>mkdir .\/bbb           # 当前目录下创建bbb目录（相对路径）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>mkdir \/ccc            # 根目录下创建ccc目录（绝对路径）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>mkdir -p temp\/nginx   # 递归创建目录（创建不存在的父目录）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

搜索目录\/文件<\/strong>：<\/p>
find \/ -name 'b'<\/span>      # 查询根目录下名以b的目录和文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>find \/ -name 'b*'<\/span>     # 查询根目录下名以b开头的目录和文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>find . -name 'b'<\/span>      # 查询当前目录下名以b的目录和文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
目录操作进阶<\/h3>


重命名\/移动目录<\/strong>：<\/p>
mv tomcat001 tomcat   # 重命名<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>mv \/aaa \/bbb          # 移动目录（如无bbb目录则重命名）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>mv bbbb usr\/bbb       # 移动并重命名<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

复制目录<\/strong>：<\/p>
cp -r \/aaa \/bbb       # 复制\/aaa到\/bbb下，名称仍为aaa<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>cp -r \/aaa \/bbb\/aaa   # 复制\/aaa到\/bbb下并重命名为aaa<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

删除目录<\/strong>：<\/p>
rm -rf \/bbb           # 强制删除目录（包括子目录）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>rm -r \/bbb            # 普通删除（会询问每个文件）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>rmdir test01          # 删除空目录<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

查看目录结构<\/strong>：<\/p>
tree test01\/
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

批量操作<\/strong>：<\/p>
mkdir {<\/span>dirA,dirB}<\/span>                  # 批量创建目录<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>touch dirA\/{<\/span>A1,A2,A3}<\/span>              # 批量创建文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
三、文件操作命令<\/h2>
基本文件操作<\/h3>


删除文件<\/strong>：<\/p>
rm -r a.java        # 删除文件（每次询问）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>rm -rf a.java       # 强制删除文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>rm -rf .\/a*         # 强制删除以a开头的所有文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>rm -rf .\/*          # 强制删除当前目录所有文件（慎用）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

创建文件<\/strong>：<\/p>
touch testFile
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

递归删除特定格式文件<\/strong>：<\/p>
find . -name '*.pyc'<\/span> -exec rm -rf {}<\/span> \;<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

查找特定大小文件<\/strong>：<\/p>
find . -name "*"<\/span> -size 145800c -print
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
文件分割<\/h3>
split<\/code>命令可将大文件分割成小文件：<\/p>
split -b 10k date.file          # 按10KB大小分割<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>split -b 10k date.file -d -a 3<\/span>  # 使用数字后缀，后缀长度3<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>split -b 10k date.file -d -a 3<\/span> split_file  # 指定前缀<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>split -l 10<\/span> date.file           # 按10行分割<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>四、文件内容操作<\/h2>
文件编辑与查看<\/h3>


编辑文件<\/strong>：<\/p>
vim a.java
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>
i<\/code>：进入插入模式<\/li>
ESC<\/code>：退出插入模式<\/li>
:wq<\/code>：保存退出<\/li>
:q!<\/code>：不保存退出<\/li>
:q<\/code>：无修改时退出<\/li>
<\/ul>
<\/li>

查看文件内容<\/strong>：<\/p>
cat a.java      # 查看全部内容<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>more a.java     # 分页查看（空格下一页，回车下一行）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>less a.java     # 分页查看（支持上下键翻页）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>more<\/code>与less<\/code>区别：<\/p>

less<\/code>支持上下方向键，more<\/code>不支持<\/li>
less<\/code>加载更快（不必读整个文件）<\/li>
more<\/code>退出后会留下显示内容，less<\/code>不会<\/li>
<\/ul>
<\/li>

查看文件首尾<\/strong>：<\/p>
head a.java            # 查看前10行<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>tail -f a.java         # 实时查看后10行（日志监控）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>head -n 7<\/span> a.java       # 查看前7行<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>tail -n 7<\/span> a.java       # 查看后7行<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
内容搜索与处理<\/h3>


文件内容搜索<\/strong>：<\/p>
grep under 123.txt          # 搜索under字符串（区分大小写）<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>grep -n under 123.txt       # 显示行号<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>grep -v under 123.txt       # 显示不匹配的行<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>grep -i under 123.txt       # 不区分大小写<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>grep -ni under 123.txt      # 不区分大小写并显示行号<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

终止操作<\/strong>：<\/p>

Ctrl+Z<\/code>：中断任务（可恢复）<\/li>
Ctrl+C<\/code>：强制终止程序<\/li>
<\/ul>
<\/li>

重定向<\/strong>：<\/p>
echo 'Hello World'<\/span> > \/root\/test.txt
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
高级文本处理工具<\/h3>


grep（全局正则表达式打印）<\/strong>：<\/p>
grep "start"<\/span> test*                  # 从test开头文件中查找含start的行<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>grep -A 1<\/span> -B 1<\/span> "https"<\/span> wget-log     # 查看包含https的行及前后1行<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

awk（数据统计）<\/strong>：<\/p>
awk '{print $1,$3}'<\/span> email.out                     # 打印第1、3列<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>awk '$1=="tcp" && $2==1{print $0}'<\/span> email.out     # 条件筛选<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>awk '($1=="tcp" && $2==1)|| NR==1 {print $0}'<\/span>    # 包含表头<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>awk -F ","<\/span> '{print $2}'<\/span> test.txt                 # 指定分隔符<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

sed（流编辑器）<\/strong>：<\/p>
sed -i 's\/^Str\/String\/'<\/span> replace.java       # 替换行首Str为String<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>sed -i 's\/\.$\/\;\/'<\/span> replace.java            # 替换末尾.为;<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>sed -i 's\/Jack\/me\/g'<\/span> replace.java         # 全局替换<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>sed -i '\/^ *$\/d'<\/span> replace.java             # 删除空行<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>sed -i '\/Interger\/d'<\/span> replace.java         # 删除含Interger的行<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

管道操作符<\/strong>：<\/p>
find ~ | grep "test"<\/span>                     # 查找当前用户所有含test的文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>grep 'error'<\/span> email.log | grep -o '<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
\[0-9
\]<\/span><\/p>
'  # 查找error行并提取数字<\/p>

5. **cut（数据裁剪）**：
```bash
cut -d ":" -f 1 cut.txt                  # 按:分割取第1列
echo $PATH | cut -d ":" -f 3             # 取PATH的第3部分
echo $PATH | cut -d ":" -f 3-            # 取第3列及之后内容
<\/code><\/pre>
五、系统日志位置<\/h2>

\/etc\/redhat-release<\/code>：查看操作系统版本<\/li>
\/var\/log\/message<\/code>：系统启动信息和错误日志<\/li>
\/var\/log\/secure<\/code>：安全相关日志<\/li>
\/var\/log\/maillog<\/code>：邮件相关日志<\/li>
\/var\/log\/cron<\/code>：定时任务相关日志<\/li>
\/var\/log\/spooler<\/code>：UUCP和news设备相关日志<\/li>
\/var\/log\/boot.log<\/code>：守护进程启动停止日志<\/li>
<\/ul>
查看用户操作日志：<\/p>
cat .bash_history
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>六、软链接操作<\/h2>


创建软链接<\/strong>：<\/p>
ln -s \/usr\/local\/app \/data
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

删除软链接<\/strong>：<\/p>
rm -rf \/data      # 注意不加\/<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
七、压缩与解压缩<\/h2>
tar命令<\/h3>


压缩<\/strong>：<\/p>
tar -cvf start.tar a.java b.java      # 打包<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>tar -cvf start.tar .\/*                # 打包当前目录所有文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>tar -zcvf start.tar.gz a.java b.java  # 打包并gzip压缩<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

解压<\/strong>：<\/p>
tar -xvf start.tar                    # 解压到当前目录<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>tar -xvf start.tar -C \/usr\/local      # 解压到指定目录<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>tar -zxvf start.tar.gz                # 解压gzip压缩包<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>tar xf node-v12.18.1-linux-x64.tar.xz # 解压tar.xz文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
zip\/unzip命令<\/h3>


压缩<\/strong>：<\/p>
zip lib.zip tomcat.jar                # 压缩单个文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>zip -r lib.zip lib\/                   # 压缩目录<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>zip -r lib.zip tomcat-embed.jar xml-aps.jar  # 压缩多个文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

解压<\/strong>：<\/p>
unzip file1.zip                       # 解压zip文件<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>unzip -d \/usr\/app\/ com.lydms.english.zip  # 解压到指定目录<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>
<\/ol>
八、文件权限管理<\/h2>
文件权限表示：<\/p>
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 34942 Jan 19 2018 bootstrap.jar
<\/code><\/pre>

前三位：用户权限（可读\/可写\/不可执行）<\/li>
中三位：组权限（可读\/不可写\/不可执行）<\/li>
后三位：其他用户权限（可读\/不可写\/不可执行）<\/li>
<\/ul>
修改权限：<\/p>
chmod u+x web.xml       # 为用户添加执行权限<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>chmod g+x web.xml       # 为组添加执行权限<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>chmod 111<\/span> web.xml       # 为所有用户添加执行权限<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>chmod 222<\/span> web.xml       # 为所有用户添加写入权限<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>chmod 444<\/span> web.xml       # 为所有用户添加读取权限<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>九、命令帮助信息<\/h2>


基本帮助<\/strong>：<\/p>
command --help
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li>

详细手册<\/strong>：<\/p>
man command
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>man操作键：<\/p>

空格：向下翻页<\/li>
b：向上翻页<\/li>
q：退出<\/li>
\/：搜索<\/li>
<\/ul>
<\/li>
<\/ol>
十、命令格式规范<\/h2>
command [<\/span>-options]<\/span> [<\/span>parameter]<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>说明：<\/p>

command<\/code>：命令名<\/li>
[-options]<\/code>：选项，控制命令行为<\/li>
[parameter]<\/code>：参数，0个或多个<\/li>
<\/ul>

以上是Linux系统常用命令的详细说明，涵盖了文件操作、目录管理、权限控制、文本处理、压缩解压等核心功能，可作为Linux系统操作的全面参考指南。<\/p>