Hadoop大数据平台安全防护教学文档<\/h1>

一、Hadoop基础架构概述<\/h2>

Hadoop是由Apache基金会推出的分布式系统框架，核心组件包括：<\/p>

HDFS<\/strong> (Hadoop Distributed File System)：分布式文件系统，负责数据存储<\/p>

NameNode：主节点，管理文件系统命名空间<\/li>
DataNode：从节点，存储实际数据块<\/li>
SecondaryNameNode：辅助节点，定期合并编辑日志<\/li> <\/ul> <\/li>

MapReduce<\/strong>：分布式计算框架，负责数据处理<\/p> <\/li>

YARN<\/strong> (Yet Another Resource Negotiator)：集群资源管理器<\/p> <\/li>

常用第三方组件<\/strong>：<\/p>

ZooKeeper：服务发现和注册中心<\/li>
MongoDB：非关系型数据库<\/li>
Cloudera Manager：管理平台<\/li> <\/ul> <\/li> <\/ol>
二、Hadoop常见安全漏洞<\/h2>
1. NameNode WEBUI未授权访问<\/h3>

风险<\/strong>：默认无认证，通过50070端口可浏览和下载任意文件<\/li>
验证方法<\/strong>：直接访问http:\/\/[NameNode_IP]:50070<\/code>浏览文件目录<\/li> <\/ul> 2. DataNode Restful API未授权访问<\/h3> 风险<\/strong>：50075端口API无认证，可操作HDFS数据<\/li> 验证工具<\/strong>：hdfsbrowser.py<\/li> <\/ul> 3. 集群配置文件任意获取<\/h3> 风险<\/strong>：未防护的配置文件可被直接获取<\/li> 验证方法<\/strong>：通过特定工具或直接请求获取<\/li> <\/ul> 4. 第三方管理控制台泄露<\/h3> 风险<\/strong>：如Cloudera Manager存在未授权下载漏洞<\/li> 验证方法<\/strong>：遍历services的ID号获取配置文件和算法源代码<\/li> <\/ul> 5. 集群原生WebUI配置泄露<\/h3> 风险<\/strong>：直接访问8088端口的\/conf路径获取配置<\/li> 验证方法<\/strong>：http:\/\/[Cluster_IP]:8088\/conf<\/code><\/li> <\/ul> 6. ZooKeeper未授权访问<\/h3> 风险<\/strong>：2181端口无认证，可读取配置数据<\/li> 验证命令<\/strong>：echo envi|nc [ZooKeeper_IP] 2181<\/code><\/li> <\/ul> 7. MongoDB未授权访问<\/h3> 风险<\/strong>：27017端口默认无密码认证<\/li> 验证工具<\/strong>：nmap的mongodb-databases脚本<\/li> <\/ul> 三、Hadoop安全加固方案<\/h2> 1. 启用Kerberos认证<\/h3> 配置参考<\/strong>：http:\/\/hadoop.apache.org\/docs\/r2.7.3\/hadoop-auth\/Configuration.html<\/li> 关键配置<\/strong>： <property><\/span> <\/span><\/span> <name><\/span>hadoop.security.authentication<\/name><\/span> <\/span><\/span> <value><\/span>kerberos<\/value><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/property><\/span> <\/span><\/span><property><\/span> <\/span><\/span> <name><\/span>hadoop.security.authorization<\/name><\/span> <\/span><\/span> <value><\/span>true<\/value><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/property><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li> <\/ul> 2. 网络访问控制<\/h3> 关闭非必要服务端口<\/li> 使用iptables限制访问来源<\/li> <\/ul> 3. 第三方组件升级<\/h3> 及时更新Cloudera Manager、Ranger等管理组件<\/li> <\/ul> 4. ZooKeeper安全配置<\/h3> 添加认证用户<\/strong>：<\/p> addauth digest [用户名]:[密码] 示例：addauth digest user1:password1 <\/code><\/pre> <\/li> 设置权限<\/strong>：<\/p> setAcl [path] auth:[用户名]:[密码]:[权限] 示例：setAcl \/ auth:user1:password1:crwda <\/code><\/pre> (权限说明：c-create, r-read, w-write, d-delete, a-admin)<\/p> <\/li> 查看ACL<\/strong>：<\/p> getAcl [path] <\/code><\/pre> <\/li> <\/ul> 5. MongoDB安全配置<\/h3> 添加admin用户<\/strong>：<\/p> use<\/span> admin<\/span> <\/span><\/span>db<\/span>.addUser<\/span>("admin"<\/span>, "adminz"<\/span>) <\/span><\/span>db<\/span>.auth<\/span>("admin"<\/span>,"adminz"<\/span>) <\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/li> 启用认证<\/strong>：修改配置文件启用auth=true<\/p> <\/li> <\/ul> 四、安全运维建议<\/h2> 持续监控<\/strong>：跟踪Hadoop及组件的新漏洞公告<\/li> 最小权限<\/strong>：遵循最小权限原则配置访问控制<\/li> 配置审计<\/strong>：定期检查安全配置有效性<\/li> 日志分析<\/strong>：集中收集和分析安全日志<\/li> 备份策略<\/strong>：确保关键配置和数据有可靠备份<\/li> <\/ol> 五、总结<\/h2> Hadoop平台默认配置存在多项安全隐患，通过实施Kerberos认证、网络访问控制、组件安全配置和持续监控等措施，可显著提升大数据平台的安全性。安全加固应作为Hadoop部署的标准流程，而非事后补救措施。<\/p>