QEMU与Linux内核环境搭建指南（ARM\/MIPS架构）<\/h1>

一、QEMU环境搭建<\/h2>

1. 安装QEMU<\/h3>
有两种安装方式：<\/p>
方法一：从源码编译安装<\/strong><\/p>
git clone git:\/\/git.qemu-project.org\/qemu.git
<\/span><\/span>cd qemu
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>方法二：通过apt安装<\/strong><\/p>
sudo apt-get install qemu
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>2. 安装依赖包<\/h3>
在编译QEMU前需要安装以下依赖：<\/p>
sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev
<\/span><\/span>sudo apt-get install libglib2.0-0
<\/span><\/span>sudo apt-get install libglib2.0-dev
<\/span><\/span>sudo apt-get install libtool
<\/span><\/span>sudo apt-get install libsdl1.2-dev
<\/span><\/span>sudo apt-get install libpixman-1-dev
<\/span><\/span>sudo apt-get install autoconf
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>3. 配置和编译QEMU<\/h3>
配置QEMU支持ARM架构：<\/p>
.\/configure --target-list=<\/span>arm-softmmu --audio-drv-list=<\/span>
<\/span><\/span>make
<\/span><\/span>make install
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>二、ARM交叉编译环境搭建<\/h2>
1. 安装ARM交叉编译工具链<\/h3>
sudo apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>三、Linux内核编译（ARM架构）<\/h2>
1. 下载内核源码<\/h3>
推荐使用3.16版本内核（4.*版本可能有挂载问题）：<\/p>
wget https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/pub\/linux\/kernel\/v3.x\/linux-3.16.tar.xz
<\/span><\/span>tar xvf linux-3.16.tar.xz
<\/span><\/span>cd linux-3.16
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>2. 配置内核<\/h3>
为vexpress开发板生成config文件：<\/p>
make CROSS_COMPILE=<\/span>arm-linux-gnueabi- ARCH=<\/span>arm vexpress_defconfig
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>如果需要图形化配置：<\/p>
sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev
<\/span><\/span>make CROSS_COMPILE=<\/span>arm-linux-gnueabi- ARCH=<\/span>arm menuconfig
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>3. 解决编译错误<\/h3>
可能遇到的错误及解决方案：<\/p>
错误1：compiler-gcc5.h相关错误<\/strong><\/p>
解决方案：<\/p>

从GitHub获取正确的compiler-gcc5.h文件<\/li>
替换include\/linux\/下的对应文件<\/li>
<\/ul>
错误2：return_address.c和ftrace.h相关错误<\/strong><\/p>
修改以下文件：<\/p>

arch\/arm\/kernel\/return_address.c<\/code>（约65行）<\/li>
arch\/arm\/include\/asm\/ftrace.h<\/code>（约48行）<\/li>
<\/ul>
4. 编译内核<\/h3>
make CROSS_COMPILE=<\/span>arm-linux-gnueabi- ARCH=<\/span>arm zImage -j2
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>四、测试QEMU和内核<\/h2>
运行命令：<\/p>
qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -m 512M -kernel linux-3.16\/arch\/arm\/boot\/zImage -nographic -append "console=ttyAMA0"<\/span>
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>五、MIPS交叉编译环境搭建<\/h2>
1. 下载Buildroot<\/h3>
wget https:\/\/buildroot.org\/downloads\/buildroot-2018.02.4.tar.gz
<\/span><\/span>tar zxvf buildroot-2018.02.4.tar.gz
<\/span><\/span>cd buildroot-2018.02.4
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>2. 配置Buildroot<\/h3>
make menuconfig
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>关键配置项：<\/p>

Target Architecture → 选择MIPS (little endian)<\/li>
Toolchain → Kernel Headers → 设置为当前Linux内核版本<\/li>
<\/ul>
3. 解决编译问题<\/h3>
可能遇到的g++问题：<\/p>
sudo apt-get remove g++
<\/span><\/span>sudo apt-get install g++
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>4. 编译Buildroot<\/h3>
make
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>编译完成后，工具链位于：

buildroot-2018.02.4\/output\/host\/usr\/bin\/<\/code><\/p>
5. 设置环境变量<\/h3>
选择以下方法之一：<\/p>
方法1：临时设置<\/strong><\/p>
export PATH=<\/span>\/path\/to\/mipsel-tools:$PATH
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>方法2：用户级设置<\/strong><\/p>
echo 'export PATH=\/path\/to\/mipsel-tools:$PATH'<\/span> >> ~\/.bashrc
<\/span><\/span>source ~\/.bashrc
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>方法3：系统级设置<\/strong><\/p>
echo 'export PATH=\/path\/to\/mipsel-tools:$PATH'<\/span> >> \/etc\/profile
<\/span><\/span>source \/etc\/profile
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>验证环境变量：<\/p>
echo $PATH
<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre>六、注意事项<\/h2>

对于ARM架构，推荐使用3.16版本内核，4.*版本可能有兼容性问题<\/li>
编译过程中缺少的依赖包可通过apt-get install<\/code>安装<\/li>
环境变量设置后可能需要重新登录或执行source<\/code>命令生效<\/li>
大端模式和小端模式的工具链名称不同（mips vs mipsel）<\/li>
编译过程可能需要较长时间，请耐心等待<\/li>
<\/ol>
通过以上步骤，您可以成功搭建ARM和MIPS架构的QEMU模拟环境及交叉编译工具链。<\/p>